Exenatide

GLP-1RA Dispensing in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes: 2020 to 2023.

Patricia Y Chu, Andrea Kelly, Sean Hennessy +3 more

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are a novel pharmacotherapeutic option for pediatric type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, little is known about their current use. This study evaluated trends in GLP-1RA dispensing in youth with T2D between 2020 and 2023 and compared use by insurance type (ie, Medicaid vs commercial).

Study on chitosan/carrageenan core-shell nanoparticles for oral co-administration of insulin/exenatide enhance insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.

Tuong-Vy Nguyen, Ngoc-Hanh Cao-Luu, Thi-Bao-Tran Nguyen +2 more

This study developed and evaluated the feasibility of using core-shell chitosan and carrageenan nanoparticles for insulin and exenatide dual-delivery to control blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes model. Core-shell nanoparticles were fabricated using the coaxial electrospraying technique, exploiting the electrostatic interactions between components to achieve controlled drug release in physicological media. Experimental results indicated that the prepared nanoparticles demonstrated proper physicochemical properties of an oral delivery system, including a hydrodynamic diameter around 300 nm, fitting well through the digestive wall and remaining somewhat stable in the physiologic milieu throughout time, and exhibited non-toxicity to multiple cell lines. The in vitro drug release approximately 80% from the nanoparticles was triggered by pH-sensitive behavior and controlled in spatiotemporal manners in simulated intestinal fluids with digestive enzymes, resulting in inhibition of premature release and self-sustained drug delivery. In type 2 diabetic mice, a single dose (100 IU kg-1) of nanoparticle generated a pronounced hypoglycemic response, achieving approximately a 45% reduction in blood glucose levels following 4 h oral administration and maintaining insulin plasma at a low level within 12 h owing to insulin and exenatide synergic stimulation effects. Remarkably, treatment with this nanoparticle significantly preserved pancreatic islets and averted type 2 diabetes complications within major organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys, while maintaining an excellent systemic safety profile. This study evidenced that the nanoparticle-loaded insulin and exenatide were an encouraging long-acting formulation and validated a novel strategy to overcome multiple absorption barriers using polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles from chitosan and carrageenan.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Qualitative Analysis of Phase 4 ClinicalTrials.gov Studies.

Nouf M Alourfi, Nasser M Alorfi

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent among older adults and often requires multidrug therapy to optimize glycemic control while minimizing adverse effects. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are among the most effective antihyperglycemic drugs with demonstrated cardiometabolic benefits. However, their real-world safety, tolerability, and long-term outcomes in geriatric populations remain under-explored.

A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Ocular Adverse Events Associated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.

Abdullah Virk, Karen Allison

Background/Objectives: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are increasingly prescribed for type 2 diabetes in addition to other conditions such as obesity. As their use expands, understanding potential ocular safety signals is important, particularly in populations already at risk for diabetic eye disease. The aim of this study is to identify potential pharmacovigilance safety signals for ocular adverse events (AEs) related to GLP-1 RA medications to better inform future clinical practice. Methods: This study utilized the publicly available FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to obtain AE reports related to exenatide, tirzepatide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and semaglutide from 2005 to 2024. Reports were categorized by demographic and geographic variables. Disproportionality analysis using reporting odds ratios (RORs) was performed to detect potential safety signals. Year-over-year trends in the proportional representation of each drug were also assessed through linear regression and time series plots. Results: Ocular AEs represented 3.61% of all GLP-1 RA related reports. Median age was 63 years, and 62.6% of reports involved female patients. Exenatide accounted for 33.61% of ocular AEs but showed a significant annual decline in reporting (-5.15% per year, p < 0.001). Semaglutide (31.37%) and tirzepatide (12.19%) demonstrated significant year-over-year increases in proportional reporting (2.23% and 0.79% per year, respectively; both p < 0.05), consistent with rapid uptake in clinical practice. Semaglutide demonstrated a modestly elevated ROR (1.46), while tirzepatide showed a low ROR (0.42), though this likely reflects shorter post-marketing exposure rather than lower clinical risk. The most frequently reported events were visual impairment, followed by vision blurred, cataract, and blindness. Conclusions: This pharmacovigilance analysis identifies potential ocular AE signals associated with GLP-1 RAs, particularly semaglutide. While semaglutide showed a statistically significant disproportional reporting signal for ocular AEs, the absence of exposure denominators, comparator groups, and the susceptibility of FAERS to reporting bias means these findings are hypothesis-generating rather than causal. Clinicians should remain vigilant and consider eye care referrals when indicated. Further research is needed to validate these associations and clarify underlying mechanisms.

Circulating GDF15 and HbA1c Response to Add-On Exenatide Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis from a Multicenter Trial.

Qi Wu, Kun Yang, Xinyue Liao +5 more

Objectives: To assess the influences of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) on the reduction in glycated hemoglobin (ΔHbA1c) induced by exenatide in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This analysis included 166 participants with T2DM who received exenatide as add-on therapy for 16 weeks. The effect of baseline GDF15 on ΔHbA1c was evaluated using univariate, multivariate, and bidirectional stepwise linear regression models. Baseline GDF15 was categorized into tertiles with the lowest tertile (tertile 1) serving as reference. A subgroup analysis was performed in the participants aged >35 years to investigate whether age influenced the effect of GDF15 on ΔHbA1c. Results: GDF15 levels were significantly increased from baseline following 16 weeks of exenatide treatment [721.9 (513.6, 997.8) pg/mL vs. 741.4 (510.0, 1203.4) pg/mL, p = 0.031]. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed a positive association between baseline GDF15 (tertile 3: β = 0.553, 95% CI 0.115 to 0.991, p = 0.014) and ΔHbA1c. However, no significant relationship was found between GDF15 (tertile 2: p = 0.403; tertile 3: p = 0.217) and ΔHbA1c after adjusting for age and diabetes duration. Further stepwise regression analysis indicated a non-robust association for GDF15 in the absence of age as GDF15 was excluded from the model. Among the participants >35 years old, GDF15 (tertile 3: β = 0.383, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.764, p = 0.049) remained positively associated with ΔHbA1c, even after adjusting for age. Conclusions: Elevated GDF15 might potentially diminish the reduction in HbA1c following 16-week exenatide treatment, with this effect moderated by age.

Not All GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Are Alike: Real-World Evidence of Differential Endocrine and Dermatologic Safety.

Nai Lee, Yun Kim

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used for metabolic disorders, but emerging safety concerns include alopecia and reproductive or endocrine-related adverse events (AEs). This study investigated the association between specific GLP-1 RAs and these endocrine-related AEs using a large-scale pharmacovigilance database.

GLP-1 receptor agonists and sexual function in women and men: a narrative review of emerging evidence and the need for further research.

Zaher Merhi

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) may influence reward-related and sexual behaviors.

Muscle atrophy associated with glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists: A population-based observational study.

Angela T H Kwan, Moiz Lakhani, Roger S McIntyre

Background and AimEmerging evidence suggests that weight loss associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) may be in part attributable to changes in lean mass, which has potential clinical implications. This study evaluates the disproportionate reporting of muscle atrophy in association with GLP-1 RA therapy using real-world global data.. MethodsWe analyzed reports of muscle atrophy submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from October 2003 to March 2024 using the validated pharmacovigilance tool OpenVigil 2.1. Disproportionality was assessed using reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), the standard metric for pharmacovigilance signal detection worldwide. To contextualize associations, disproportionality estimates were calculated using niacin, simvastatin, and the complete FAERS database (all other drugs) as comparators. ResultsA total of 142 cases of muscle atrophy were identified with GLP-1 RA therapy, the majority occurring in adults aged 18-64 years (43 % female, 57 % male). Disproportionality analysis showed pharmacovigilance signals for semaglutide (ROR = 2.39, 95 % CI = 1.63-3.52) and tirzepatide (ROR = 1.69, 95 % CI = 1.14-2.50), indicating increased reporting of muscle atrophy relative to all other drugs in FAERS. In contrast, exenatide (ROR = 0.26, 95 % CI = 0.12-0.55) and liraglutide (ROR = 0.27, 95 % CI = 0.09-0.83) were associated with significantly lower reporting odds. All significant signals satisfied thresholds of p < 0.05 and IC025 > 0.. ConclusionsCertain GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate a pharmacovigilance signal of disproportionate reporting of muscle atrophy. These findings should be interpreted as signal detection rather than evidence of causality and highlight the need for future studies incorporating objective measures of muscle mass and function..

Exenatide attenuates neuroinflammation and rescues sepsis-induced depressive behavior and cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model.

Shenhai Liu, Qiao Chen, Hui Liu +4 more

Sepsis elevates the risk of depression and cognitive impairment. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues exhibit neuroprotective potential, yet their effects on sepsis-induced depression (SID) remain unelucidated. This study explored whether exenatide (Exe) alleviates depressive-like behaviors and cognitive deficits in a murine SID model.

Association between GLP-1 receptor agonist use and worsening mental illness in people with depression and anxiety in Sweden: a national cohort study.

Heidi Taipale, Mark Taylor, Markku Lähteenvuo +3 more

People with diabetes have an elevated risk of developing depression, anxiety, and suicide. GLP-1 receptor agonists are licensed to treat diabetes and obesity, but data on whether these medications alleviate or exacerbate anxiety, depression, and self-harm are mixed. We studied the risk of worsening mental illness in people already diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or both who were prescribed antidiabetic medications including GLP-1 receptor agonists.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Shashank Joshi, Ashok Kumar Das, Kamlesh Khunti +2 more

Obesity plays a pivotal and modifiable role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Clinicians increasingly use lower doses of liraglutide (1.2 mg and 1.8 mg) to achieve clinically meaningful weight loss while maintaining effective glycemic control in people with T2DM and obesity. In this meta-analysis, we compared the efficacy and safety of liraglutide 1.2 mg and 1.8 mg in this population.

Unimolecular GLP-1/Apelin Hybrid Peptides Cause Prominent Appetite Suppression, as Well as Enhancing Insulin Secretion, Beta-Cell Survival and Glycaemic Regulation.

Ananyaa Sridhar, Ethan S Palmer, Sarah L Craig +3 more

To characterise the metabolic benefits of a GLP-1/apelin hybrid peptide, namely exendin-4-linker-apelin (ELA), and associated acylated forms, including ELA-Lys12(γGluPal), ELA-Lys27(γGluPal) and ELA-Lys38(γGluPal).

Exenatide through PPARδ improved hepatic insulin resistance in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus via suppressing pyroptosis.

Xizhi Li, Tingting Zhou, Yixi Wu +8 more

Exenatide, the first glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), exerted multiple beneficial effects, including stimulating insulin secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and improving insulin resistance (IR). Our previous work demonstrated that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) gene (PPARD) polymorphisms correlated with exenatide monotherapy efficacy, possibly due to the pivotal role of PPARδ in regulating IR. Specifically, PPARδ has been shown to modulate the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a key regulator of pyroptosis, thereby participating in the regulation of this inflammatory cell death pathway. However, the underlying mechanisms by which exenatide ameliorated hepatic IR in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remained incompletely understood. Herein, we found that exenatide suppressed pyroptosis and ameliorated hepatic IR; furthermore, it could bind to PPARδ and upregulate PPARδ protein expression both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, PPARδ knockdown abolished the protective effects of exenatide against pyroptosis and hepatic IR, whereas pharmacological activation of PPARδ enhanced these beneficial effects. Moreover, T2DM patients carrying the AA genotype at PPARD rs3777744 and exhibiting higher baseline homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) showed a superior response to exenatide. Collectively, our findings revealed that exenatide ameliorated hepatic IR by suppressing pyroptosis via PPARδ, underscoring the potential of PPARD rs3777744 as a biomarker for personalized exenatide therapy in T2DM.

Exendin-4 enhances GLP-1 signaling and reduces anxiety-like behaviors in male heroin withdrawal mice.

Yang Xiang, Xiaowei Yan, Rongrong Li +7 more

Anxiety and depression significantly contribute to heroin relapse, and addressing these issues could lower relapse rates. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are involved in regulating these emotions, but the molecular mechanisms during heroin withdrawal are not yet understood. Subcutaneous injection of heroin into C57BL/6J mice to simulate chronic dependence, withdrawal, and Exendin-4 treatment. Assess anxiety and depression-like behaviors using open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). Analyze neuronal and protein expression changes in the BLA brain area with Western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence staining. Heroin dependence reduces glutamatergic neurons in BLA without affecting anxiety and depression-like behaviors, due to the inhibitory effect of heroin reward. During withdrawal, GLP-1 secretion by the NTS rises, increasing c-Fos and GLP-1 receptor expression in glutamatergic neurons of BLA, linked to heightened anxiety but not depression. A 7-day treatment with Exendin-4 (2 µg/kg) alleviates anxiety in withdrawal mice by downregulating GLP-1 signaling in the NTS-BLA circuit, indicating GLP-1's role in regulating anxiety during heroin withdrawal. GLP-1 receptors within BLA may serve as molecular targets for modulating emotional states, thereby offering empirical support for strategies aimed at preventing heroin relapse.

Semaglutide alleviates ovarian ferroptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome and is associated with reduced GPX4 promoter hypermethylation.

Yaling Zhang, Daojuan Wang, Xiaosa Si +4 more

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with ovarian granulosa cell dysfunction. Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, represents a novel pathological mechanism. Hypermethylation of the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) promoter may contribute to its suppression. While glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) improve metabolic features of PCOS, their direct effects on ovarian ferroptosis and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms are unclear. To explore the therapeutic potential of GLP-1RAs across PCOS phenotypes, we employed a hyperandrogenism-induced rat model and a letrozole plus high-fat diet mouse model, treating them with exenatide or semaglutide, respectively. Phenotypic assessment included estrous cycle monitoring, ovarian histology, and serum hormone profiling. Ferroptosis was evaluated using a multi-parametric approach, including iron deposition (Perls' staining), lipid peroxidation (MDA), redox status (GSH/GSSG), ultrastructural analysis (TEM), and expression of key regulators. The methylation status of the GPX4 promoter was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite sequencing (BSP), alongside the expression of related epigenetic modifiers (DNMTs, TET1). In vitro studies using DHT-stimulated primary granulosa cells further validated the semaglutide effects. GLP-1 RA exenatide alleviated the polycystic ovarian morphology in rats with PCOS, semaglutide treatment not only alleviated PCOS phenotypes but also reversed ovarian ferroptosis markers, restored GPX4 expression, and reduced the GPX4 promoter hypermethylation and DNMTs levels, with efficacy comparable to 5-azacytidine. In vitro, semaglutide corrected DHT-induced GPX4 hypermethylation and ferroptosis in granulosa cells. This study demonstrates that semaglutide alleviates PCOS phenotypes and reverses ovarian granulosa cell ferroptosis. These beneficial effects may be related to the alleviation of GPX4 promoter hypermethylation. Our findings extend the therapeutic rationale for semaglutide in PCOS beyond metabolic benefits, suggesting potential direct ovarian protection via epigenetic modulation.

Baseline metabolite profiles predict the glucose-lowering efficacy of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Yunyi Le, Jin Yang, Qi Wu +6 more

Individual heterogeneity in the glucose-lowering response to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), including exenatide, limits efficient treatment selection for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study assessed whether baseline clinical characteristics together with serum metabolomic features could predict the glucose-lowering efficacy of exenatide.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in children with obesity and type 2 diabetes. an umbrella review.

Hyder Mirghani, Laila Albishi, Sawsan Mohmmad Alblewi

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) are rising at an alarming rate among children and adolescents. This population often exhibits suboptimal glycemic control and diabetes-related complications. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 agonists) have emerged as a promising therapeutic option for pediatric patients due to their beneficial effects on weight reduction and glycemic regulation. Literature on this important issue is scarce. We aimed to assess the effects of GLP-1 agonists on body weight, HbA1c, body mass index z (BMI z), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Additionally, we discussed adverse events and hypoglycemia.

Semaglutide use in a patient with a long-term ileostomy: A case report highlighting clinical risks and evidence gaps.

Gabriela Gaytan, Andrea Pabon, Natalie Rosario

GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), such as semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide, are increasingly used to treat type 2 diabetes and support weight loss. These agents function by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing inappropriate glucagon secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and regulating appetite through central nervous system pathways. Since semaglutide's approval in 2017 and U.S. market availability in 2018, its use has expanded significantly. However, there remains limited literature evaluating its safety and efficacy in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy, particularly those with ostomies.

Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Suicidality: A Systematic Review.

Hezekiah C T Au, Yang Jing Zheng, Gia Han Le +7 more

Increased risk of suicidality has been reported in association with glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) prescription. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive review evaluating reports of GLP-1 RA prescription and suicidality.

Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist on Bone Metabolism and the Expression of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 in an Osteoporotic Rat Model.

Yao Ye, Yu-Ling He, Jie He +2 more

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the GLP-1R agonist Exendin 4 on bone metabolism and insulin receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1) expression in an osteoporotic (OP) rat model.

Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Mono and Combination Therapy) on Energy Expenditure: A Scoping Review.

Flavio T Vieira, ZhiDi Deng, Manfred J Muller +6 more

Weight loss results in reduced energy expenditure (EE) due to body composition alterations (e.g., fat-free mass and fat mass losses) and mass-independent adaptations in EE (e.g., hormones). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are indicated for obesity management; however, their effects on EE remain unclear.

Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

G Caleb Alexander, Xuya Xiao, Sophie Dilek +6 more

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a novel class of therapeutics approved to treat chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and/or obesity. However, whether GLP-1 RAs' efficacy varies by age, sex, race and ethnicity, baseline body mass index (BMI), and baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is unclear.

Sex Differences in [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 Uptake in the Pituitary of Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.

Sevilay Tokgöz, Marti Boss, Rick I Meijer +5 more

Comparative effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in obstructive sleep apnea: A network meta-analysis of randomised trials.

Gaspar R Chiappa, Paula C N Santos, Deivyd Vieira Silva Cavalcante +5 more

To compare the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), their combination, and no active intervention on respiratory, sleepiness, and metabolic outcomes in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL through August 2025 for randomised trials of CPAP, exenatide, liraglutide, tirzepatide, or their combinations. The primary endpoint was apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Secondary endpoints were Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), fasting glucose, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Random-effects network meta-analyses estimated mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Treatments were ranked using SUCRA, and certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Thirty-four trials including 3964 participants were eligible. CPAP produced the largest reduction in AHI versus no active intervention (MD -22.17 events/h; 95% CI -38.01 to -6.33) and improved ESS (MD -2.75; 95% CI -3.71 to -1.79). Liraglutide reduced BMI (MD -1.60 kg/m2; 95% CI -2.04 to -1.16) and HbA1c (MD -0.19%; 95% CI -0.25 to -0.13), whereas CPAP showed no meaningful metabolic effect. Liraglutide plus CPAP achieved the greatest BMI reduction (MD -2.00 kg/m2; 95% CI -3.49 to -0.51). No intervention significantly changed SBP, DBP, or fasting glucose. According to GRADE, certainty of evidence was moderate for CPAP effects on respiratory and sleepiness outcomes and for GLP-1 receptor agonists on BMI and HbA1c, and low for blood pressure and fasting glucose. CPAP is the most effective therapy for respiratory control, while GLP-1 receptor agonists primarily improve weight and glycaemic indices, supporting an integrated airway-metabolic approach to OSA management.

Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Benjamin J Behers, Christian Sanchez, Omar Hozayen +10 more

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects 32 million people worldwide and is responsible for tens of billions of dollars in healthcare expenditure annually, with costs primarily driven by hospitalizations. HFpEF is notoriously difficult to treat, but emerging studies suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) may be effective therapies. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials with 5564 total participants investigating GLP-1 RAs in patients with HFpEF. Overall, no significant effect was noted for GLP-1 RAs on our primary outcomes of cardiovascular mortality and worsening heart failure (HF) events, although they were associated with improvement in quality of life measures. Furthermore, safety data favored the GLP-1 RA group, although tolerability did not differ compared with placebo. While the pooled analysis of all GLP-1 RAs showed neutral effects versus hard endpoints, sensitivity analyses excluding older-generation agents (exenatide) revealed a significant 41% reduction in HF events, suggesting that newer, more potent agents (semaglutide, tirzepatide) may offer disease-modifying benefits in HFpEF. Although future studies are needed, GLP-1 RAs appear to be promising for the treatment of HFpEF.

[Mechanism of electroacupuncture on improving insulin resistance and intestinal mucosal barrier injury via the GLP-1R/PKA signaling pathway in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats].

Jiayi Lin, Rui Li, Xiaolu Li +6 more

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in the colon tissue of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats and explore the mechanisms underlying EA's improvement of insulin resistance and intestinal mucosal barrier injury.

The Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Alanine Aminotransferase and Other Metabolic Parameters in Youths with Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lauren A Hertzer, Robert M Siegel, Roohi Y Kharofa +2 more

While glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) lower body mass index (BMI) in youths with obesity, less is known about their effect on metabolic parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and hemoglobin A1c levels. We conducted a systematic review of the existing literature and a meta-analysis to determine the effect of GLP-1 RAs on metabolic parameters.

Comparative efficacy of GLP-1 RA, tirzepatide and SGLT-2 inhibitors in metabolic liver disease: A network meta-analysis.

Andrej Belančić, Christina Antza, Anastasios Poutachidis +6 more

Metabolic liver disease, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, is a major cause of chronic liver dysfunction worldwide, creating an urgent need for effective treatments. This systematic literature review (SLR) and network meta-analysis (NMA) systematically reviews and compares the efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, tirzepatide and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for this condition. The results of the SLR and NMA were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.