Peptide Database

Beta-Alanyl-N-methyl-L-histidine

Anserine is a methylated dipeptide analog of carnosine found in high concentrations in avian and fish muscle. It shares carnosine's pH-buffering and antioxidant properties but shows superior blood-brain barrier penetration. Research highlights potential for cognitive decline prevention, reduction of amyloid-beta toxicity, and improved exercise performance. It is often studied alongside carnosine for synergistic effects.

Beta-Alanyl-L-Histidine · L-Carnosine

Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the brain. It acts as a pH buffer in muscle (reducing acidosis during high-intensity exercise), a powerful antioxidant, an antiglycation agent (preventing protein-sugar crosslinking), and a chelator of zinc and copper. Research explores its role in aging, cognitive decline, autism, and exercise performance.

Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro · AEDP

Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) characterized as a cortex cytoprotective peptide in research from the St. Petersburg Institute. It penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is reported to regulate neuronal gene expression, protect cortical neurons, and improve cognitive function in aging models. It is often studied alongside other peptide bioregulators from the same research group.

Epitalon · Epithalamin

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) modeled on the endogenous pineal peptide epithalamin. It is one of the most extensively studied longevity peptides, with Russian research demonstrating telomerase activation, telomere elongation, melatonin normalization, and extended lifespan in animal models. Long-term human studies show reduced all-cause mortality rates and improved biomarkers of aging.

Proxofim

FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts the interaction between FOXO4 and p53 in senescent cells, triggering selective apoptosis of senescent cells (senolysis) while leaving healthy cells unaffected. Mouse studies demonstrated restoration of fitness, fur density, and renal function after treatment. It represents a first-in-class peptide senolytic, establishing proof-of-concept for peptide-mediated clearance of the senescent cell burden.

Growth Differentiation Factor 11 · Bone Morphogenetic Protein 11

GDF-11 is a member of the TGF-β superfamily that generated significant excitement when studies reported it as a "rejuvenating factor" in young parabiosis mouse blood. Subsequent research has been highly contested — some studies suggest it reverses cardiac hypertrophy and restores skeletal muscle and neural stem cell function in aged mice, while others find it increases with age and impairs muscle regeneration. It remains one of the most debated factors in aging biology.

Copper Peptide GHK · Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. Research demonstrates it stimulates collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, promotes wound healing, reduces inflammation, and activates protective antioxidant genes. Plasma levels decline with age, making it a significant anti-aging research target.

C₁₄H₂₄CuN₆O₄ · 340.84 Da (free ligand)

HN · mitochondria-derived peptide humanin

Humanin is a 21-amino-acid mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 16S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA. It is cytoprotective against Alzheimer's-related neuronal death, reduces oxidative stress, improves insulin sensitivity, and suppresses apoptosis through multiple pathways (STAT3, IGFBP-3, FPRL1). Circulating humanin levels decline with age, linking it to age-related diseases.

Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondria-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA gene. It regulates AMPK signaling, enhances insulin sensitivity, promotes muscle glucose uptake independently of insulin, and improves exercise capacity. Animal studies show it extends lifespan and protects against diet-induced obesity and age-related metabolic dysfunction. It translocates to the nucleus under stress to regulate adaptive gene expression.

EDR peptide · Glu-Asp-Arg

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. It is characterized as a pineal gland cytoprotective peptide that penetrates the blood-brain barrier and acts as a transcription factor, regulating gene expression in neuronal cells. Research suggests neuroprotective, antioxidant, and cognition-preserving effects, particularly in aging and hypoxic conditions.

Small Humanin-Like Peptide 2

SHLP2 is a mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) encoded in the 16S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome, from the same region as humanin. It promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, reduces reactive oxygen species, and inhibits apoptosis in multiple cell types. Research shows it protects against age-related macular degeneration, reduces atherosclerosis risk, and is inversely correlated with type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease. Circulating SHLP2 declines with age.

Serum Thymic Factor · Facteur Thymique Sérique

Thymulin is a nonapeptide produced exclusively by thymic epithelial cells, requiring zinc for biological activity. It promotes T-cell differentiation, enhances cytokine production, and is a key marker of thymic function. Circulating thymulin levels decline with age, paralleling thymic involution. Research examines its role in autoimmunity, inflammatory diseases, and as a zinc-dependent immune regulator in aging.

Lys-Glu · KE dipeptide

Vilon is a synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu) developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology as a vascular cytoprotective peptide. Research demonstrates it reduces vascular endothelial cell aging, suppresses excessive collagen synthesis, and modulates the renin-angiotensin system. Long-term animal studies show improved vascular function and survival; it is often studied as part of peptide longevity protocols.