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peptide science.

Chinese medicine formulation Mailuoning attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating thermogenesis through activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/fibroblast growth factor 21 axis.

Phytomedicine

Wangya Jia, Sijia Wu, Keke Wang +4 more

Mailuoning is a Chinese medicine formulation known for its efficacy in clearing heat, nourishing yin, activating blood circulation, and resolving blood stasis. In traditional Chinese medicine, Mailuoning is considered to have potential benefits in improving obesity. Our previous research has demonstrated that Mailuoning could effectively alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a metabolic disorder with pathophysiological similarities to obesity. However, the alleviating effects of Mailuoning on obesity have yet to be fully elucidated, and further investigation is required to confirm its therapeutic effect.

Redox-sensitive miRNAs and Humanin could mediate effects of exercise and astaxanthin on oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes.

Sci Rep

Aref Basereh, Karen Khoramipour, Najmeh Hosseini +4 more

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is driven by oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation (IF), accelerating disease progression. This study examined whether combined aerobic and resistance training (CT) and astaxanthin (AST) supplementation synergistically improve oxidant and inflammatory status as well as metabolic indices in T2DM, focusing on the mediatory role of Humanin (HN) and microRNAs (miRNA-122, miRNA-126-3p, and miRNA-146a). Ninety women with T2DM were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 15 each): control (C), placebo (P), AST supplementation (S), combined training (CT), CT + placebo (CT + P), and CT + AST supplementation (CT + S). CT, CT + P and CT + S groups underwent an 8-week training program (eight exercises, three sessions per week). Groups and CT + S groups received 8 mg/day of AST. OS markers, inflammatory cytokines, HN levels, miRNAs expression, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were assessed. Both CT and AST enhanced antioxidant defenses and reduced IF, with CT + S showing the best effects. HN levels increased significantly in CT and CT + S (p < 0.05). MiRNA-126-3p and miRNA-146a were upregulated, while miRNA-122 was downregulated in CT + S compared to other groups. Lipid profile improved with both interventions, with CT + S yielding the highest increases in HDL and triglycerides. FBG, IR, and HbA1c improved significantly in CT groups but remained unchanged with S group. The metabolic and anti-inflammatory benefits of CT and AST in T2DM may mediated by the effects of HN on mitochondrial function and insulin signaling, together with miRNA-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, endothelial health, and innate immunity. Targeting these molecular pathways may improve therapeutic strategies for diabetes management.

Microglial Polarization and Therapeutic Strategies in Post-stroke Neuroinflammation.

Neurol Ther

Travis Yui Hei Chan, Brian De Yu Ma, Timothy Keith Hung +2 more

Stroke remains a leading cause of global disability, perpetuated by maladaptive neuroinflammation that drives secondary injury and impairs recovery. An early reparative (M2) state rapidly transitions into a dominant destructive (M1) phenotype within days, worsening tissue damage through the release of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6)], blood-brain barrier disruption, and amplified peripheral immune cell infiltration. Emerging pharmacological interventions, such as the free radical scavenger edaravone, the neurotrophic factor cerebrolysin, and the excitotoxicity modulator citicoline, demonstrate promising neuroprotective potential when strategically timed. Additionally, novel non-pharmacological approaches, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, stem cell therapy, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery, offer innovative pathways for targeting neuroinflammation. However, translational challenges persist, including narrow therapeutic windows, biomarker heterogeneity, and preclinical-to-clinical gaps. Future progress necessitates precision medicine paradigms integrating spatiotemporal drug delivery, biomarker-guided intervention timing, and synergistic combinatorial regimens targeting acute injury and chronic repair phases. By bridging mechanistic insights with clinical applications, this review delineates neuroinflammatory modulation as a pivotal frontier for redefining stroke recovery while outlining essential research trajectories to overcome existing barriers. Systematic search of electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane (1996-2025) was performed, with eligible studies assessed using PRISMA guidelines. Findings on neuroinflammation, mechanism, or interventions in ischemic stroke were narratively synthesized through thematic analysis. This review summarizes current insights into post-stroke neuroinflammatory mechanisms, with a focus on the dual role of microglial polarization.

Growth hormone - releasing hormone antagonists induce autophagy in cancer cells.

Growth Horm IGF Res

Madan Sigdel, Saikat Fakir, Md Matiur Rahman Sarker +1 more

GHRH antagonists (GHRHAnt) were developed to suppress cancers and have been associated with robust anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. The mechanisms involved in those effects are not completely understood. MDA-MB-468 and A549 cancer cells, which express GHRH receptors, were treated with GHRHAnt JV-1-36, to evaluate the effects of that compound in autophagy. JV-1-36 induces autophagy in MDA-MB-468 and A549 cells since exposure to the aforementioned peptide elevated the expression levels of the autophagy-related protein (ATG) - 5, ATG - 3, ATG - 7, and ATG-16L1. In contrast, MCF-7 cells - which do not express GHRH receptors - did not respond to GHRHAnt. Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of GHRHAnt in cancers may involve autophagy. Further studies will attempt to delineate the underlying mechanisms.

Paltusotine: The first selective nonpeptide agonist of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) for the treatment of acromegaly.

Drug Discov Ther

Yueyi Sun, Daoran Lu, Jianjun Gao

Acromegaly is an endocrine disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities and internal organs resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland, which in turn leads to elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Approximately 45% of patients remain biochemically uncontrolled after surgery and require long-term treatment with injectable somatostatin analogs such as octreotide or lanreotide. These polypeptide drugs generally require monthly administration to maintain disease control; however, many patients experience recurrence of symptoms towards the end of the dosing interval. Moreover, injection-site pain and local reactions are common, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. On September 25, 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved paltusotine, the first once-daily oral, nonpeptide somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) agonist for the treatment of acromegaly. By enabling oral rather than injectable therapy, paltusotine reduces the treatment burden and enhances patient adherence. With its rapid onset and durable biochemical control, this novel agent has the potential to reshape the current paradigm of acromegaly pharmacotherapy and offer patients a more convenient and effective treatment option. Nevertheless, its long-term safety and efficacy warrant further evaluation in real-world clinical settings.

The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons.

Bull Exp Biol Med

S N Kolbaev, I N Sharonova, V G Skrebitsky

We studied the effects of Semax on spontaneous fluctuations of intracellular calcium ion concentration [Ca2+]i in pyramidal neurons on hippocampal slices and on proton-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in cerebellar granule cells in cerebellar slices. Application of Semax (1 μM), significantly increased the frequency of spontaneous [Ca2+]i fluctuations in the pyramidal layer cells of the hippocampal CA1 field, but had no significant effect on proton-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i in cerebellar granule cells. These data provide insight into the localization of cellular targets and elucidate the dynamics of the initial stages of interaction between the peptide and the hippocampal neuronal network. The primary mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of Semax appears to be unrelated to attenuation of calcium entry through acid-sensing ion channels in cerebellar granule cells.

Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Joseph Nguyen, Sudhir Verma, Vivian T Vuong +3 more

Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is a small peptide upregulated in injured tissues, playing roles in cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Studies show TB4 significantly promotes corneal wound healing after injury, leading to a clinical trial (RGN-259), with full US Food and Drug Administration approval still pending. Current limitations to TB4-based therapies are a short half-life and high peptide synthesis costs, limiting large-scale applications. Here, we engineered a tandem thymosin beta-4 (tTB4) peptide with improved therapeutic potential and scalability for corneal wound repair.

Contextual modulation of endogenous oxytocin signaling and its influence on exogenous oxytocin effects: A conceptual framework.

Neurosci Biobehav Rev

Kaat Alaerts, Eimi Van Weert, Lotte Theunissen +2 more

Posology for 177Lu-DOTATATE Therapy in Neuroendocrine Tumor: Effectiveness of Dose Reduction and Cycle Delay for Improving Therapy Tolerability.

Clin Nucl Med

Ivan E Wang, Jasmine Patterson, Azadeh Akhavanallaf +8 more

Approval of 177Lu-DOTATATE for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) requires monitoring for therapeutic efficacy and safety. A retrospective review was conducted on 173 patients who received 177Lu-DOTATATE at the University of Michigan to identify if posology changes would improve therapy tolerance and completion. Patients were followed up to 3 years following their last cycle of treatment to determine long-term adverse events. Dose reduction (from 7.4 GBq to 3.7 GBq) was used in 13 patients, and cycle delay (8±1 wk to >16-week gap) was used in 36 patients, leading to 82% completion of 4 cycles of therapy. Dose reduction led to higher rates for completing all 4 cycles of therapy, whereas cycle delay led to worsened outcomes. Amino acid infusions led to limited adverse events with nausea, vomiting, and fatigue, even with antiemetic prophylaxis. Carcinoid crisis was observed in 1.2% of patients, which was similar to the findings in the NETTER-1 trial. Acute decline in neutrophils and platelets was observed; however, these blood values rebounded. A decline in renal function (4.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 over 4 years compared with untreated patients) suggests a potential long-term risk for renal toxicity; however, it could also be associated with changes in therapy. When adverse events were severe due to underlying disease, dose reduction, or cycle delay did not adequately impact therapy completion, and required further therapy monitoring. Long-term occurrence of myelodysplasia syndrome was 1.8%, comparable to reported occurrences requiring further monitoring. Our analysis reinforces that 177Lu-DOTATATE is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for NETs with low incidences of long-term adverse events.

Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.

Cell Signal

Zhaoyan Jin, Hongshu Li, Jiafeng Li +4 more

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) plays a critical role in breast cancer progression, yet its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified that Tβ4 is significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, and its high expression correlates with poor clinical outcomes. Functionally, Tβ4 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis while inhibiting apoptosis. Mechanistically, Tβ4 directly regulates the expression of SLC7A11, a key cystine/glutamate antiporter, thereby enhancing glutathione biosynthesis and suppressing lipid peroxidation to inhibit ferroptosis. Rescue experiments further demonstrated that silencing SLC7A11 abrogates the oncogenic effects of Tβ4 both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these findings uncover a novel Tβ4/SLC7A11 axis that modulates ferroptosis sensitivity and contributes to breast cancer malignancy, offering potential therapeutic implications for targeting ferroptosis resistance.

Aza-Isotryptophan: Synthesis, Pictet-Spengler Chemistry, Incorporation and Conformational Analysis in Peptides, and Activity in Modulators of the Cluster of Differentiation-36 Receptor.

J Med Chem

Xiaozheng Wei, Mukandila Mulumba, Sylvain Chemtob +2 more

Isotryptophan (Itr) is the rare 2-indoyl counterpart of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Considering the potential to explore novel side chain χ-space in a residue prone to adopt backbone turn conformers, azaItr has been effectively synthesized and employed in Pictet-Spengler and peptide chemistry. β-Turn geometry was characterized in model peptides of the Ala-azaItr-d-Phe triad by X-ray and NMR analyses. Moreover, azaItr analogs of growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) demonstrated a promising cluster of differentiation-36 receptor (CD36) binding affinity and modulatory effect on the inflammatory response induced by the activated complex composed of the latter coreceptor in the Toll-like receptor-2/6 heterodimer.

Impact of GHRL (RS696217) and LEPR (RS1137101) gene polymorphisms on hormonal and anthropometric outcomes after bariatric surgery.

Endocr Regul

Andrii Prodan

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of GHRL (rs696217) and LEPR (rs1137101) gene polymorphisms on weight loss dynamics and endocrine marker changes following various bariatric procedures. Patients and Methods. A total of 76 patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), gastric plication (LGCP), and gastric artery embolization (GAE) were genotyped for GHRL (rs696217) and LEPR (rs1137101). Body mass index (BMI), total weight loss (TWL), excess weight loss (EWL), and hormonal markers (ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, HbA1c) were assessed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results. Carriers of the T allele of GHRL (rs696217) experienced significantly greater reductions in BMI, TWL, and EWL, particularly following LSG and GAE (p<0.05). A notable reduction in total ghrelin levels was observed in T allele carriers (up to -46.75%, p<0.001) 6 months after surgery. Improvements in resistin (p=0.0002) and HbA1c (p=0.014) levels were also more pronounced in this group. LEPR (rs1137101) polymorphism showed limited impact on outcomes after LGCP, but it was associated with improved TWL and EWL in A allele carriers after LSG (p=0.006 and p=0.016, respectively). Conclusion. The T allele of GHRL (rs696217) appears to be a promising predictive marker for greater metabolic and hormonal improvement following bariatric procedures targeting the ghrelin-producing stomach zones. LEPR (rs1137101) may also influence postoperative outcomes in a procedure-specific manner. These findings support the potential role of genetic screening in optimizing patient selection and predicting surgical success.

Effects of Long-term low-dose intermittent rapamycin administration on glucose metabolism and immune system of SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice.

Front Immunol

Luiz Adriano Damasceno Queiroz, Rafael Santos Barros, Josiane Betim Assis +6 more

Aging involves a gradual decline in physiological integrity, and rapamycin (RAPA) has demonstrated potential as an anti-aging agent. Nonetheless, its effects on glucose metabolism and immune function may vary based on dosage and administration regimen. This study investigates the impact of intermittent low-dose RAPA on glucose metabolism and immune function in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 (SAMP8) and Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice. Twelve-week-old male SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice were treated with RAPA (0.78 µg/kg) every five days for six months. Glucose uptake, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, spleen and thymus immunophenotype, lymphoproliferation, and cytokine profiles were evaluated. Our findings indicate that RAPA reduced glucose uptake in the bladder and the percentage of FoxP3+ lymphocytes in the spleen of SAMP8 mice, while enhancing mitochondrial respiratory control and ATP production in liver. In SAMR1 mice, RAPA administration led to a decrease in CD3+ thymocytes and splenic lymphoproliferative capacity, while also enhanced mitochondrial performance. Comparisons between Control groups revealed that SAMP8 mice exhibited higher glucose uptake in several tissues, lower lymphocyte populations in spleen and thymus, altered CD4+/CD8+ ratios, and reduced IL-4 expression compared with SAMR1 mice. The findings reinforce the potential of RAPA to modulate aging-related processes, highlighting improvements in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism across strains with different aging processes. However, the immunosuppressive effects of RAPA remain evident, even at low doses administered intermittently, in an age- and strain-specific manner. These findings emphasize the therapeutic potential of RAPA while underscoring the need for customized dosing strategies to balance efficacy and safety. These data highlight mitochondrial metabolic improvements as the primary benefit of intermittent low-dose RAPA and suggest potential clinical relevance for conditions involving compromised mitochondrial energy metabolism.

Practical considerations and emerging approaches for the management of vasomotor and sexual symptoms in breast cancer patients on endocrine therapies.

Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol

Jessica Fuhrman, Jina Yun, Amy Indorf

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and decreased libido are common menopausal symptoms. Patients with breast cancer receiving endocrine therapy experience new or worsening menopausal symptoms. Pharmacologic therapy for VMS has been centered on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin, and clonidine. These therapeutic options fall short in obtaining adequate symptom relief, illustrating a therapeutic gap in efficacious treatment modalities. There are no historical systemic treatment options for low libido.

Fenofibrate as a Modulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Su/Hx-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Int J Mol Sci

Karla M Rada-Pascual, Alejandra M Zúniga-Muñoz, Yamnia Q Alvarez-Alvarez +11 more

We evaluated the effects of fenofibrate (FF) in a SU5416/hypoxia model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with a specific focus on its influence on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We assessed right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), medial pulmonary artery wall thickening, right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), pulmonary artery effective elastance (PAEa), RV diastolic pressure (RVDP), RV developed pressure (RVDevP), right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling index (RVPAC), RV dp/dt max and dp/dt min. Levels of angiotensin II, angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Bmpr2, Smad5 and nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) in the lung and RV were evaluated. The expression of AT1R, MAS receptors, and ACE2 in lung tissue was assessed. FF prevented the increase in RVSP, mPAP, RV hypertrophy, reduced pulmonary arterioles remodeling, and attenuated the rise in SPAP, mPAP, and PAEa. In the RV, it reduced RVDevP and prevented the decrease in dp/dt min, without affecting RVDP. RVPAC showed partial improvement. In lung tissue, FF decreased angiotensin II levels, the Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio, and reduced angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) expression, while preserving the receptor for the angiotensin-(1-7) (MAS) and ACE2. FF tended to restore Bmpr2/Smad5 expression. NO2- levels were preserved and tended to preserve (NO3-) levels. In the RV, Ang-(1-7) increased, ACE2 was preserved, and NO2- and NO3 levels were maintained. FF exerts protective effects in Su/Hx-induced PAH.

Initial and evolutionary profile of adverse responders to an intensive weight loss intervention: the RESOLVE Study.

J Sports Med Phys Fitness

Mélina Bailly, Laurie Isacco, Frédéric Dutheil +14 more

There is a need to better identify adverse responders to weight-loss interventions. The aim of this study was to: 1) identify potential predictive factors of adverse responders to weight loss; and 2) follow their long-term evolution.

The effect of consuming different dietary protein sources at breakfast upon self rated satiety, peptide YY, glucagon like peptide-1, and subsequent food intake in young and older adults.

Eur J Nutr

Anthony W Watson, Anna Brooks, Lucy Moore +2 more

Interest in plant-based protein in the UK is increasing due to health, environmental, and ethical considerations. Recent studies have explored how different protein sources impact satiety and related gut hormone responses, with evidence suggesting varied responses between animal-based and plant-based proteins. Skewed protein intake patterns, especially at breakfast, present an opportunity for improving dietary protein distribution in populations who may require increased protein intake but often face appetite reductions. This study determined the acute effect of consuming a plant-based, high protein drink containing 30 g of protein (HPDp); an animal-based, high protein breakfast containing 30 g of protein (HPBa); and a low-protein (10 g), high-carbohydrate breakfast (HCLPB) on satiety hormone responses, subjective appetite and subsequent energy intake in older and younger populations when consumed at breakfast. Eighteen heathy adults completed this within-subject, counterbalanced, cross-over study, (12 under 35 years of age and six over 65 years of age). Measurements for appetite were obtained at baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 min, and plasma, GLP-1 and PYY at baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 min post breakfast consumption. No difference in appetitive responses was found between the HPDp and the energy- and protein-matched HPBa, with both eliciting greater GLP-1 and PYY (both p < 0.004) responses compared with a high carbohydrate, low protein meal. Subjective appetite was also suppressed to a greater extent with HPDp compared with HCLPB (p = 0.001). No differences were observed in ad libitum energy intake.

The Influence of Different Light Spectra on Broiler Chicken Endocrine Systems and Productivity.

Animals (Basel)

Lenuța Galan, Gheorghe Solcan, Carmen Solcan

In birds, light can penetrate the cranial bones and reach deep brain regions, where non-visual photoreceptors, especially in the hypothalamus, detect spectral and photoperiodic cues. Alongside retinal photoreception, deep-brain light sensing contributes to circadian entrainment and regulates melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. These light-driven pathways modulate endocrine activity, playing a key role in muscle development. This review explores how monochromatic light-emitting diode (LED) illumination, particularly green and blue wavelengths, affects the somatotropic axis (growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH]-growth hormone [GH]-insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]), the gonadal axis (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]-luteinizing hormone [LH]/follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]-sex steroids [testosterone, estrogen, progesterone]), the thyroid axis (thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH]-thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]-thyroxine [T4]/triiodothyronine [T3]), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH]-adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]-corticosterone). Green light enhances early-stage muscle growth via GHRH and IGF-1 upregulation, while blue light supports later myogenic activity and oxidative balance. Light schedules also influence melatonin dynamics, which in turn modulate endocrine axis responsiveness to photic cues. Furthermore, variations in photoperiod and exposure to artificial lights at night (ALAN) affect thyroid activity and HPA axis reactivity, influencing metabolism, thermoregulation, and stress resilience. Together, ocular and intracranial photoreception form a complex network that links environmental light to hormonal regulation and muscle growth. These insights support the strategic use of LED lighting to optimize broiler performance and welfare.

Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review.

Int J Med Sci

Siti Balqis Adnan, Manira Maarof, Mh Busra Fauzi +1 more

Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that requires the coordination of cellular, molecular, and physiological events to restore tissue integrity. Despite notable advances in treatment strategies, optimizing healing outcomes, particularly in chronic wounds, remains a major challenge. Emerging evidence highlights the therapeutic promise of peptides, especially tripeptides, in accelerating tissue repair through diverse mechanisms. These short peptides regulate key processes such as cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, while also modulating inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, and facilitating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. This review, covering studies published between 2016 and 2025, explores the role of tripeptides in enhancing wound repair, emphasizing their biological functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications. Recent findings demonstrate that tripeptides can stimulate fibroblast migration, enhance collagen deposition, and support angiogenesis. In addition, they exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making them valuable candidates for both acute and chronic wound management. GHK-based formulations, including nanoparticle conjugates, hydrogels, and clinical derivatives such as TriHex and TriHex 2.0, enhance fibroblast migration, ECM remodeling, collagen and elastin synthesis, and wound closure while providing antimicrobial activity. KdPT mitigates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and restores keratinocyte function, whereas KPV-loaded hydrogels reduce inflammation, promote tissue regeneration, and combat MRSA infections. Additionally, lipotripeptides (DICAMs) inhibit and disrupt bacterial biofilms, and GPE supports neuroprotection and regeneration through ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling activation. Beyond wound repair, this review also discusses comparative physicochemical properties and wound healing applications of tripeptides versus larger peptides, factors influencing their performance, strategies for combination with biomaterial scaffolds, and emerging applications in fields such as cancer and cosmetics. Collectively, tripeptides represent a promising class of multifunctional bioactive molecules in wound care, offering novel avenues for targeted tissue regeneration. Future research should focus on improving their stability, bioavailability, and delivery systems to fully harness their clinical potential in regenerative medicine.

Perceived benefits of treatment for obesity with retatrutide: A qualitative study of patients in a phase 2 clinical trial.

Obes Pillars

Iris A Goetz, Chisom Kanu, Anastasia Hoover +5 more

Retatrutide, an agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon receptors, is in development for the treatment of obesity. We interviewed participants exiting a phase 2 trial to understand the impact of retatrutide on eating behaviors, physical aspects, emotions, and lifestyle.